In Vivo Electrochemical Biosensors: Technology and Personalized Medicine Go Hand in Hand

In vivo electrochemical biosensors (IVEBs) have emerged as pivotal tools in advancing personalized healthcare paradigms, particularly due to their exceptional capability for real-time tracking of dynamic physiological biomarkers. Their seamless integration into next-generation health monitoring platforms has not only revolutionized clinical diagnostics but also propelled the innovation of implantable sensing architectures, thereby redefining precision medicine strategies through continuous in situ bioanalytical measurements. This review highlights the latest advancements of IVEBs, including potentiometric, amperometric, and impedance biosensors, emphasizing their high sensitivity, specificity, and capability to function in complex biological environments. Additionally, this review discusses the limitations of current IVEBs, such as sensitivity, miniaturization, and applications of biodiversity. In future, researchers should use novel biocompatible nanomaterials and artificial intelligence algorithms to promote the development of IVEBs.