Seasonal Dynamics of Physicochemical Parameters and Lead (Pb) Bioaccumulation in Soil-Forage-Buffalo System: Implications for Environment and Animal Health

This study investigates the seasonal fluctuations in physicochemical characteristics of water and soil, alongside the translocation and bioaccumulation patterns of lead (Pb) in soil, forage, and the blood plasma of buffaloes in a semi-arid agro-ecological zone of Pakistan. Physicochemical analysis revealed that water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, and ionic content—remained within permissible limits for irrigation and consumption, though minor seasonal shifts were evident. Soil samples displayed alkaline tendencies (pH 8.1-8.9), with variations in organic content across seasons and no immediate risk of salinity or sodicity.Lead concentrations in soil remained below FAO/WHO thresholds, whereas forage samples exhibited Pb levels substantially exceeding safe limits, indicating significant phytoremediation and metal uptake potential. Blood plasma analysis of buffaloes demonstrated statistically significant seasonal variation in Pb and glucose levels in lactating and young animals, with concentrations frequently surpassing toxic thresholds. Bio-concentration factors (BCFs) revealed efficient Pb transfer from soil to forage and subsequently to animals, particularly in younger buffaloes. Correlation analysis confirmed a strong and direct relationship between forage contamination and blood Pb levels.These findings underscore the critical need for environmental monitoring, forage quality management, and soil conditioning strategies to mitigate Pb toxicity risks in livestock and maintain ecological balance. Keywords: Lead contamination, Buffalo blood plasma, Bioaccumulation, Heavy metal transfer, Forage quality, Environmental toxicology