Design and Analysis of Millimeter-wave Antenna for New Radio (NR) 5G Bands Supporting a Green Wireless Future

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) fifth-generation (5G) networks play a pivotal role in advancing point-to-point communication and connectivity by leveraging cutting-edge 5G technology. These networks enable high-speed data transfer, low latency, and reliable wireless communication, making them essential for a wide range of 5G applications and services, while contributing to a green wireless future through efficient and sustainable designs. The proposed mmWave Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is a compact and lightweight solution specifically designed for seamless integration into 5G networks and other mmWave devices. Operating across a wide frequency range of 24–34 GHz, it offers an impressive impedance bandwidth of 10 GHz, effectively covering key New Radio (NR) 5G bands, including n257 (26.50–29.50 GHz), n258 (24.25–27.50 GHz), and n261 (27.50–28.35 GHz). With dimensions of just 25 × 10 mm2, the antenna is fabricated on an RO4350B substrate with a thickness of 0.51 mm, ensuring a compact footprint suitable for modern applications. It delivers exceptional performance, achieving a peak efficiency of over 94% and gains of 5.35 dBi at 26 GHz, 6.4 dBi at 28 GHz, and 5.0 dBi at 32 GHz. The fabricated prototype closely matches simulation results, demonstrating its suitability for NR 5G frequency bands while aligning with the goals of a green wireless future. By enhancing energy efficiency, minimizing material usage in fabrication and reducing network power consumption, this research directly contributes to the development of a sustainable 5G ecosystem, supporting global efforts to achieve environmentally responsible wireless technologies.