Assessment of Spatial-Temporal Land Surface Temperature Dynamics Using Remote Sensing Spectral Indices: a Case of Semi-Arid Climate City

Worldwide, urbanization is accelerating anthropogenic activities and changing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC). Changing natural landscapes to impermeable surfaces alters the urban thermal climate, governed by Land Surface Temperature (LST). Spectral values of satellite imagery bands were utilized to calculate spectral indices, which helps in quantifying the impact of LULC on LST. Thus, the study used a time series of Landsat imageries to examine the changing LULC impact on urban climate and LST in Jodhpur city from 2003 to 2023, using ArcGIS 10.6 software. The results show that barren land has shown higher LSTs than built-up areas, vegetation, and waterbodies for all the years. Built-up areas and barren land ($0.23 \leq \mathrm{r} \leq 0.59$) showed a positive correlation. Vegetation and waterbodies help to reduce LST ($-0.10 \leq \mathrm{r} \leq-0.74$). The study findings can assist in enhancing the macroscale thermally comfortable environment in semi-arid climate cities.