Urban Growth, Urban Heat Island, and Impact on the Energy Sector: a Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area

Urbanization in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) has led to significant land use/land cover (LULC) changes, contributing to the urban heat island (UHI) effect and impacting the energy sector. This study analyzes spatial variations in UHI in relation to urban growth and its influence on energy consumption. Using remote sensing data from Landsat 7, 8, and 9, the study examines LULC changes and their correlation with land surface temperature (LST). Results show a positive correlation between built-up areas and LST and a negative correlation between vegetation and LST. The study proposes mitigation strategies, such as increasing green spaces and adopting energy-efficient practices, to alleviate UHI effects.