Digital Twin Formation and Real-Time Parameter Estimation for Consumer-Integrated Grid-Tied PV Systems Using IFO-GDF and Coulomb-EFO

The development of a Digital Twin (DT) framework for a single-stage, three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) array provided with a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is presented in this study. The framework allows a high-fidelity digital replication of the physical system by integrating real-time voltage and current sensors for exact data collection. It employs a novel Improved Fifth-Order Generalized DCBL Filter (IFO-GDF) control approach to efficiently suppress DC offset and mitigates harmonics, therefore ensuring resilient grid synchronization even in challenging circumstances such as voltage sags, irradiation variations, and grid disturbances. Furthermore, the optimization capabilities of the framework are improved by Coulomb’s Electromagnetic Field Optimization (C-EFO) algorithm, which minimises computational overhead, avoids local minima, and optimises DT. Designed with consumer-integrated PV applications in mind, the framework supports real-time monitoring and control for residential and small-scale systems. Based on extremely accurate matching of waveforms and behaviours with hardware measurements, extensive experimental validation indicates the accuracy of the Digital Twin in replicating dynamic system behaviour. Further evaluating this precision, the Digital Twin Fidelity Score (DTFS) depicts consistently high matching over key waveform parameters. This advanced Digital Twin framework not only enhances operational reliability and power quality but also offers a solid foundation for the seamless integration of PV systems into weak consumer-level grid conditions.