Modeling and validation of a Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter based on liquid crystals and a polarimetric camera

We analyze the characteristics of each component in the optical system of a Mueller polarimeter, and the polarization effects induced by its interaction with light. The system can extract all sixteen elements of a Mueller matrix, fully characterizing how a sample modifies the polarization state of light, using only eight measurements. The Polarization State Generator, consisting of a polarizer followed by a pair of liquid crystal-based retarders, and the Polarization State Analyzer, consisting of a liquid crystal retarder and a polarimetric camera, are examined. The resulting effects and potential errors are explored through simulations, and the measurement scheme is defined to minimize error propagation. To validate the results obtained from the simulations, we estimated the actual impact of the optical system on the polarization state of light, using a generalized eigenvalue-based calibration method leading to a better understanding of the instrument. Finally, the reliability of the complete system is assessed through experimental Mueller matrix images of well-characterized optical elements.