Investigation of Experimental Parameters in Fabrication of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Using Spray Pyrolysis

This study aims to determine experimental parameters in the manufacture of FTO by the spray pyrolysis method.A solution containing Tin (II) Chloride and Ammonium Fluoride with 96% alcohol solvent was sprayed using the Omron NE-C28 Nebulizer for 20 minutes on a glass substrate on a hotplate at a temperature of 450 then transparent conductive SnO2:F particles have been formed.It was found that concentration, distance between nozzle and collector, heating temperature, and deposition time have a significant effect.The greater concentration, the greater ratio of Sn and F content; and optimum value was obtained at a concentration of 0.7 M. The ideal nozzle-collector distance was obtained at a distance of 11.0 cm because the particles were denser and fewer cavities were formed so that layer resistance was small.Heating at 450 produced the smallest crystallite size (700 nm) and resistance (40 /cm 2 ).The length of deposition time also affected the resistance and transmittance of layer.The ideal deposition time was 40 minutes to produce a resistance of 15 /cm 2 and a transmittance of 80%.The application of resulting FTO as an electrode on DSSC also showed a photovoltaic effect and was able to produce a maximum efficiency of 2.01%.