Enhancing jojoba biodiesel performance in diesel engines using diethyl ether and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes

This study attempted to enhance the combustion of jojoba biodiesel by incorporating diethyl ether (DEE) and nano-additives, specifically N-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs) and NH2-functionalized MWCNTs, which are known to increase diesel engine performance. Two ratios of jojoba biodiesel (20 % and 30 % by volume) were blended with 10 % by volume of DEE, referred to as JDE1 and JDE2, respectively. NH2-MWCNTs and N-MWCNTs were subsequently added to the JDE1 and JDE2 mixtures at a concentration of 75 mg/L to further increase engine performance. The in-cylinder pressure and HRR of the JDE1 and JDE2 blends were 2 % lower than those of diesel, whereas they improved by 3 % when nanoparticles were added to the mixtures. The CO, UHC, and smoke opacity levels decreased on average by 13 %, 12.5 %, and 18 %, respectively, while the NOx emissions increased by 9 %. When nanoparticles were introduced into the JDE1 and JDE2 mixtures, there were significant reductions in CO, UHC, and soot emissions of approximately 37 %, 16 %, and 25 %, respectively, compared with those of the blends without nanoparticles. NOx emissions decreased by 3 %. The addition of nanoparticles positively influenced the peak pressure and HRR. Furthermore, BTE increased by nearly 8 %, and BSFC decreased by 5 % for the nanofuel mixtures compared with the blends without nano additives. • DEE reduced viscosities of JDE1/2, while nanoparticles caused a slight increase. • Peak cylinder pressure and HRR reduced for JDE1/2 mixtures compared to diesel. • CO, UHC, smoke, and NO x dropped by 37 %,16 %, 25 %, and 3 % for nano-mixtures. • BTE increased by 8 %, and BSFC reduced by 5 % for nano-blends compared to JDE1/2. • DEE and MWCNTs compined improved jojoba biodiesel usability in diesel engines.