Red noise in continuous-time stochastic modelling

The concept of time-correlated noise is important to applied stochastic modelling. Nevertheless, there is no generally agreed-upon definition of the term red noise in continuous-time stochastic modelling settings. We present here a rigorous argumentation for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process integrated against time ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) as a uniquely appropriate red noise implementation. We also identify the term <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as an erroneous formulation of red noise commonly found in the applied literature. To this end, we prove a theorem linking properties of the power spectral density (PSD) to classes of Itô-differentials. The commonly ascribed red noise attribute of a PSD decaying as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> restricts the range of possible Itô-differentials <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In particular, any such differential with continuous, square-integrable integrands must have a vanishing martingale part, i.e. <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> for almost all <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We further point out that taking <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to be an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process constitutes a uniquely relevant model choice due to its Gauss-Markov property. The erroneous use of the noise term <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as red noise and its consequences are discussed in two examples from the literature.

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Journal
Royal Society Open Science
Published
2025-08-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250573
Citations
3
Primary Topic
Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
3.32

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article

Red noise in continuous-time stochastic modelling

Niklas Boers, Andreas Morr, Dörte Kreher
3 citations
Royal Society Open Science
Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
3.32
article

Red noise in continuous-time stochastic modelling

Niklas Boers, Andreas Morr, Dörte Kreher
article en
3 citations

Abstract

The concept of time-correlated noise is important to applied stochastic modelling. Nevertheless, there is no generally agreed-upon definition of the term red noise in continuous-time stochastic modelling settings. We present here a rigorous argumentation for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process integrated against time ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) as a uniquely appropriate red noise implementation. We also identify the term <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as an erroneous formulation of red noise commonly found in the applied literature. To this end, we prove a theorem linking properties of the power spectral density (PSD) to classes of Itô-differentials. The commonly ascribed red noise attribute of a PSD decaying as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> restricts the range of possible Itô-differentials <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In particular, any such differential with continuous, square-integrable integrands must have a vanishing martingale part, i.e. <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> for almost all <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We further point out that taking <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to be an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process constitutes a uniquely relevant model choice due to its Gauss-Markov property. The erroneous use of the noise term <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as red noise and its consequences are discussed in two examples from the literature.

Royal Society Open ScienceVol. 12(8)
Cal Poly Humboldt (US), University of Exeter (GB), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE), Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (PL), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
Volkswagen Foundation, Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
3.32
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