Anticipatory governance for responsible investment in energy transition minerals in the Western Congo Basin

• Energy transition minerals could transform the Western Congo Basin. • Supporting anticipatory governance can guide responsible investment. • Learning from past and emerging initiatives can help to develop capabilities. • Just and sustainable futures require strengthening institutional capability. Demand for Energy Transition Minerals and Metals (ETMs) for clean energy technologies is driving a new wave of investment in mining. Many African countries contain significant reserves of ETMs and are eager to exploit their mineral wealth for economic benefits. However, extracting these minerals comes with social and environmental costs, including the degradation of high biodiversity habitats. Without learning from the past and anticipating possible futures, the potential benefits from ETMs could be offset by harms to vulnerable people and nature. In this paper, we draw from experience in the resource-rich Western Congo Basin forests to consider lessons and opportunities for anticipatory governance of ETM extraction to contribute to just and sustainable development pathways. We identify and build on four existing initiatives in which practitioners, policy-makers, and researchers can proactively engage in to enhance capabilities in foresight, networked decision-making, learning mechanisms, and open mindsets to guide responsible investment. By drawing on lessons and anticipating futures, decision-makers can strengthen institutional capability to guide and benefit from the impending wave of mine and infrastructure development. We call for greater attention to anticipatory governance for responsible investment in ETMs that aligns with environmental stewardship and community wellbeing in the Western Congo Basin.