Comparison of Intrauterine Insemination Success Rates Using Donor Sperm Between Heterosexual and Female Couples: A Retrospective Cohort Study

This study found no significant differences in intrauterine insemination with donated sperm outcomes between heterosexual and female couples. These findings suggest that the absence of seminal fluid exposure in female couples may not negatively impact reproductive success. However, the role of immune tolerance in assisted reproduction outcomes remains unclear. Further multicenter studies with larger samples are needed to explore the potential influence of seminal fluid and possible clinical interventions that may replicate its effects.