Evaluating the Feasibility of EMG-Based Human–Machine Interfaces for Driving

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of electromyography (EMG)-based human-machine interfaces (HMIs) for high-demand activities such as driving based on performance, cognitive workload, usability, and safety measures.BackgroundUpper-limb amputees face challenges in performing everyday tasks, including driving. EMG-based HMIs offer potential solutions, particularly for wrist disarticulated and trans-radial amputee, but their effectiveness in complex tasks like driving requires further investigation.MethodNineteen able-bodied participants completed a driving simulation study using an EMG-based HMI, dominant hand, and both hands. Participants performed various driving maneuvers including straight lane driving, overtaking, and 90-degree turns at intersections. Driver performance, cognitive workload (measured by blink rate and subjective measures), usability (USE questionnaire), and safety were assessed.ResultsUsing the EMG-based HMI led to higher lane offset and steering angle compared to conventional methods, but demonstrated lower steering entropy in some situations. Cognitive workload was higher for EMG-based HMI, while usability scores were lower. Safety measures were mixed, with EMG-based HMI showing better performance at intersections but lower lane offset and steering angle safety scores overall.ConclusionThe study highlights both limitations and opportunities presented by EMG-based HMIs in high-demand tasks such as driving. While the system exhibited lower performance in some conditions, it demonstrated potential for controlled driving, particularly during specific maneuvers. The higher cognitive workload and lower usability scores indicate areas for improvement.ApplicationThe findings provide valuable insights for the development of more effective EMG-based HMIs, supporting future research and clinical trials aimed at enhancing mobility and independence for individuals with upper-limb amputations.