Exposure to manganese during late intrauterine development and lactation: Long-term effects on male reproductive function.

This study evaluated the long-term effects of manganese (Mn) exposure during late intrauterine development and lactation on male reproductive function in rats. Pregnant rats received oral treatments from gestational day 13 to lactational day 15: control (saline), Mn-9 (9 mg/kg MnCl₂), and Mn-90 (90 mg/kg MnCl₂). Male offspring were assessed on postnatal days (PND) 50 and 90. Oxidative damage to germ cell DNA/RNA and increased acidophilic germ cells were observed in Mn-9 and Mn-90 on PND 50, along with seminiferous epithelium detachment and degeneration in Mn-exposed groups on PND 90. Altered spermatogenesis dynamics and reduced LH and FSH levels were also noted. Histological changes in the epididymis were evident in Mn-exposed groups on both ages. In summary, despite no apparent effects on general health or metabolic organs, Mn exposure caused oxidative damages, histological alterations, and disrupted hormone levels, ultimately impairing spermatogenesis and sperm quality in rats.