Do costs of reproduction differ between the sexes of dioecious plants?

The expected future reproductive potential of plants is driven by their schedules of survival and reproduction, which are difficult to study for long-lived plants. However, it may be possible to infer differences in the costs of reproduction between females and males by combining two pieces of evidence: sex differences in (1) the magnitude of trade-offs between reproduction and growth or survival; and (2) the propensity to produce offspring after previous bouts of reproduction (e.g. via differences in post-reproductive growth or survival). Evidence for (1) and (2) exists widely, but they have rarely been studied together in dioecious populations, leaving little solid evidence regarding how often costs of reproduction differ between females and males.