Dynamic stages of personality adjustment: language switching and acculturation in first-generation Chinese immigrants

The study underscores the complex, non-linear nature of personality adjustment in bilingual immigrants, shaped significantly by English competence. While higher language proficiency facilitated smoother acculturation and greater personality authenticity, lower proficiency was associated with acculturation stress. The findings highlight the importance of ESL programs addressing both language skills and the psychological dimensions of language learning. These insights provide valuable guidance for practitioners and policymakers in supporting bilingual immigrants through their acculturation journey.