Which electric vehicle users are flexible and price responsive? Uncovering user types in Denmark

Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is accelerating rapidly in Denmark, with EVs accounting for 18% of all passenger cars as of mid-2025. Smart charging technology availability and rising electricity prices have increased user awareness toward EV charging cost minimization. This study provides insight into EV charging behavior and flexibility from a survey of 500 Danish residential users with scheduled charging capabilities. Three distinct user types are identified, using latent class analysis, each with varying levels of price responsiveness, categorized us: proactive, active and inactive. It is shown that there are varying levels of price responsiveness among users, while the majority of EV users regularly check prices and are willing to postpone charging for a day or more, indicating a large flexibility potential. These insights can enable more targeted smart charging strategies that can enhance user engagement, and ultimately increase flexibility of charging demand. • Survey on 500 EV residential charging users with scheduled-charging capabilities. • Results reveal varying levels of price-responsiveness among users. • Identification of three distinct user profiles based on charging behavior. • Users show different attitude toward smart charging depending on their price awareness. • Cost savings emerge as the top motivation for most users.