Development of viable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to control fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) on maize

Since its introduction in Africa in 2016, the Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) has severely threatened maize production, leading to the widespread use of synthetic pesticides. These chemicals negatively affect human health, the environment, and product quality. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of seven FAW control strategies on maize in two agricultural zones of Burkina Faso (six sites divided in Koudougou and Léo), and these included five integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The strategies included a tolerant maize variety grown in monoculture or intercropped with cowpea and Brachiaria , along with the use of biopesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis and azadirachtin. Infestation of maize by FAW was recorded throughout the season at all six sites. Despite the various IPM strategies tested, none significantly reduced infestation rates, larval density, or the severity of plant attacks. Consequently, there were no significant differences among treatments for maize yield. There was high infestation of ears in all treatments and this resulted in a reduced proportion of marketable maize. Economic analysis showed that the farmer practice (susceptible variety + emamectin benzoate) provided highest gross margins, followed by the combination of a tolerant variety and azadirachtin treatment. IPM strategies incorporating crop and habitat diversification with Brachiaria and biopesticides resulted in lower gross margins due to increased costs and reduced maize production. This study underscores the need for developing and validating more effective and economically viable IPM strategies to control FAW in African farming systems, particularly on maize. • FAW still threatens African Agriculture, while well working IPM strategies remain absent • 7 strategies (of which 5 IPM options) are tested against a standard control method in Burkina Faso • Tested IPM strategies did not improve FAW control nor improved the quantity or quality of yield • Farmer practice was most profitable, while more complex levels of IPM were lowest • Investments are needed to develop and validate effective and economic IPM strategies