Study Of The Operating Of Welding Process Based On Low Carbon Emission Costs For Metal/Steel

Welding processes Welding operations play a critical role in the metal and steel industries, yet they are significant contributors to energy consumption and carbon emissions. This review explores various welding processes—namely Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, Laser Beam Welding (LBW), and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) from the perspective of their operational efficiencies, carbon emission profiles, and associated environmental costs. Special attention is given to advanced and hybrid welding techniques, which show potential in reducing the carbon footprint without sacrificing weld quality. This review highlights current trends, research advancements, and sustainable practices aimed at optimizing welding operations towards low-carbon manufacturing in the metal/steel sectors.