Nutrition Education Interventions for the d/Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing: A Systematic Scoping Review

The d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) population, of all ages, is at increased risk for poor dietary habits that may lead to health complications, given the lack of accessible and inclusive nutrition education from a range of providers. Given these challenges and the urgent need for inclusive health education, this systematic scoping review critically assessed the nature, scope, effectiveness, and best practices of nutrition-focused interventions tailored for the general DHH population. Using the PICOS search method of 16 bibliographic databases for articles between 2000 and 2024 focusing on nutrition-related interventions tailored to the DHH population, eight studies were identified. Studies employed various intervention approaches, focus areas of nutrition, location, and participants. One study used a theoretical framework. Most interventions addressed multiple aspects of dietary behavior, while others focused on specific concerns such as healthy food choices and exercise. Interventions were delivered through in-person educational sessions by public health professionals and nutritionists. Only one of the eight studies reviewed did not report statistically significant improvements in dietary behavior or health outcomes following the intervention. Future research should integrate established behavior change theories to strengthen the design, implementation, and longer-term follow-up and evaluation of nutrition interventions for DHH populations. There is a surprising lack of research in this area, exacerbated by additional challenges in reaching the DHH population. Improving nutrition education for DHH individuals requires interventions that address communication barriers, cultural inclusivity, and accessibility by all types of providers, and reaching such groups in a range of places.