Social Sustainability Analysis of Transforming Disused Coalfields into Geothermal Heating Networks

The energy transition to renewable sources is essential for meeting global greenhouse gas reduction targets, particularly in the domestic heating systems, which faces significant decarbonisation challenges due to a lack of natural, low-carbon resources compared to electricity generation. In the UK, 85% of homes are heated by natural gas, which contributes substantially to emissions, making the decarbonisation of heating critical to achieving the UK’s net-zero emissions target by 2050. This study investigates the social sustainability of transforming disused coalfields into geothermal heating networks in Northeast England by utilising warm mine water. We conducted 33 semi-structured interviews across eight stakeholder groups. Key findings indicate that while environmental sustainability is recognised as a key driver, substantial economic benefits are also crucial for motivating stakeholders to develop and join the heat network. However, the tension between profit and energy equity has slowed implementation. Our study suggests that tailored funding schemes are necessary to reduce high capital costs and that a strategic shift from supporting fossil fuel exploitation to renewable energy projects is imperative to significantly lower energy prices. Mine water heating projects have the potential to address the energy trilemma—balancing sustainability, affordability, and security—especially in regions needing significant ‘levelling up’.