How Cues Promote Learning in VR Panoramic Videos: A Multi-Dimensional Experimental Analysis

VR panoramic videos provide learners with immersive, interactive, and highly realistic experiences, including simulated practice, exploration, and experimentation. However, the high information density and self-directed nature of these environments can lead to negative effects such as information overload and distraction. Embedding appropriate cues may help mitigate these negative effects and improve learning outcomes. To investigate this, the study employed a 2 (physical cues vs. temporal cues) × 2 (prediction prompts vs. reflection prompts) experimental design, examining the effects of different cue types and self-explanation strategies on learners’ engagement and academic performance. The results showed that: (a) the type of cues has a limited impact on improving academic performance. (b) reflection prompts significantly enhance academic performance; and (c) the combination of physical cues and reflection prompts significantly increases behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. Future research should further explore the application of VR panoramic videos across different disciplines and educational levels to deepen understanding of their educational potential.