A Comprehensive Review on IoT Security Challenges and Solutions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming human life by shifting from manual labor to smart automation, enabling real-time controlling and monitoring the devices anytime and anywhere. IoT applications span various domains, including healthcare, smart cities, education, agriculture, and transportation. However, the rapid expansion of IoT introduces critical security challenges, such as data privacy, secure communication, device authentication, and trust management across different layers of IoT architecture. IoT systems remain vulnerable to threats like data integrity breaches, unauthorized access, and privacy violations. To address these issues, emerging security solutions leverage technologies such as blockchain, cloud computing, AI-driven threat detection, and software-defined security frameworks. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of IoT security challenges, examines state-of-the-art solutions, and highlights the need for multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches to develop scalable, resilient, and adaptive security mechanisms for the evolving IoT landscape.