Adjusting interlayer interactions and proton-conduction pathways of 2D covalent organic frameworks through the rotaxane structures

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have great potential as versatile platforms for proton conduction. However, the commonly applied 2D COFs that are easy to design and synthesize have only 1D channels for proton conduction, limiting the formation of continuous hydrogen bonds due to the anisotropy between their crystalline grains. Herein, we report a strategy to construct 3D channels in 2D COFs by using rotaxane structures and eliminate the strong interlayer π-π interactions, facilitating the formation of smooth 3D proton-transfer pathways during guest doping. The presence of interlocking α-cyclodextrin (CD) molecules in a rotaxane-based COF (CD-TpAzo) significantly diminishes the stacking energy between the 2D layers from 154.2 to 55.2 kJ mol^-1, resulting in easier H₃PO₄ doping into its 3D channels and interlayers. As a result, CD-TpAzo@H₃PO₄-10 exhibits an eight times shorter H⁺ spin-lattice relaxation time than TpAzo@H₃PO₄-10. At 150°C, the anhydrous proton conductivity of CD-TpAzo@H₃PO₄-18 reaches 0.78 S cm^-1, which is even higher than that of pure H₃PO₄ (0.47 S cm^-1) under the same conditions.