Artificial Intelligence-Driven Identification of Favorable Geothermal Sites Based on Radioactive Heat Production: Case Study from Western Türkiye

In recent years, the exploration and utilization of geothermal energy have received growing attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources. Reliable, data-driven identification of geothermal reservoirs, particularly in crystalline basement terrains, is crucial for reducing exploration uncertainties and costs. In such geological settings, magnetic susceptibility, radioactive heat production, and seismic wave characteristics play a vital role in evaluating geothermal energy potential. Building on this foundation, our study integrates in situ and laboratory measurements, collected using advanced sensors from spatially diverse locations, with statistical and unsupervised artificial intelligence (AI) clustering models. This integrated framework improves the effectiveness and reliability of identifying clusters of potential geothermal sites. We applied this methodology to the migmatitic gneisses within the Simav Basin in western Türkiye. Among the statistical and AI-based models evaluated, Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise and Autoencoder-Based Deep Clustering identified the most promising and spatially confined subregions with high geothermal production potential. The potential geothermal sites identified by the AI models align closely with those identified by statistical models and show strong agreement with independent datasets, including existing drilling locations, thermal springs, and the distribution of major earthquake epicenters in the region.