Lactulose and PEG-4000 treatment in constipated cerebral palsy children: a randomized clinical trial

Background. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INs) is the common kidney disorder characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Although it predominantly affects children, adults can also be affected. The condition is believed to be immune-mediated and involves alterations in the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier. The aim of the study is to assess serum and urinary iron profile parameters in patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Method. This was an observational, cross-sectional study designed to evaluate the iron profile parameters in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and compare the results between the steroid-sensitive nephrotic (SSN) and steroid-resistant nephrotic (SRN) groups. The study was conducted in the Nephrology Department of Thi-Qar City, Iraq. SSN patients responded to steroid therapy within four weeks, while SRN patients did not. The study included two groups: 50 patients with SSN and 50 with SRN. SRN patients had lower hemoglobin, serum iron, and transferrin levels, along with higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios and cholesterol levels. Moreover, SRN patients had a longer disease duration, suggesting a more severe disease course. Conclusion. This study focused on children with SSN and SRN, revealing significant differences in disease progression and iron metabolism. SRN patients showed prolonged disease durations, lower hemoglobin levels, and impaired iron metabolism compared to SSN, indicating a more severe clinical presentation. These findings highlight the need for personalized treatment approaches for SRN patients to address anemia and improve overall health outcomes.