Factors Affecting the Consumption of Healthy Foods in the USA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the socioeconomic, psychological, and environmental factors influencing healthy food consumption in the USA. A total of 90 studies were included, following a comprehensive screening process, and the findings were synthesized using qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative meta-analysis. The results show that socioeconomic factors, particularly income and education, significantly impact dietary choices. Individuals from lower-income groups were 28% less likely to consume healthy foods (pooled OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.65–0.80). The high cost of nutritious food and time constraints were identified as significant barriers. Psychological factors, including health consciousness and self-efficacy, were also important, with individuals with low health awareness being 38% less likely to consume healthy foods (pooled OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.55–0.70). Environmental factors, particularly food accessibility, were critical, as individuals in food deserts were 43% less likely to consume healthy foods (pooled OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50–0.65). The findings underscore the need for multi-faceted policy interventions, such as subsidies for healthy foods, expanded nutrition education, and improved access to affordable, nutritious food in underserved areas. Addressing these barriers holistically could improve the dietary habits of diverse populations across the USA.