Impacts of trace minerals (zinc, copper, and selenium) supplementation on pig’s health under different challenge models

Pigs are susceptible to infections and inflammatory conditions throughout their life phases, requiring adequate nutrient intake to support immune defense functions. Trace elements such as zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and copper (Cu) are crucial for immune competence and antioxidant defense. While nutritional guidelines define baseline requirements, the swine industry frequently adopts supranutritional levels of Zn, Cu, and Se to optimize health and performance. Therefore, this review explores the impacts of trace mineral supplementation (e.g., Zn, Cu, and Se) on [...]