FOREST ECOSYSTEMS OF EAST KAZAKHSTAN IN THE SYSTEM OF WATER BALANCE REGULATION AND SOIL EROSION PROTECTION

The article examines the impact of forest ecosystems in Eastern Kazakhstan on the regulation of water balance and protection of soils from degradation. Experimental studies have been conducted to assess the water retention capacity of soils, the level of erosion and the dynamics of humidity in various forest formations. The results show that forests play an important role in stabilizing the hydrological regime and preventing erosion processes. Remote sensing data and GIS technologies have been applied to analyze vegetation cover density, soil moisture indices, and NDVI values, which provides a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health. The study also examines the role of tree and shrub composition in erosion resistance, highlighting the importance of mixed forest formations in increasing soil stability. The results highlight the need for sustainable forest management practices and afforestation strategies to mitigate land degradation and improve regional water conservation efforts. Analysis of precipitation infiltration and evapotranspiration rates shows that forests contribute to maintaining stable groundwater levels, reducing the risk of droughts and floods in adjacent agricultural and urban areas. The study concludes with recommendations for adaptive management strategies for forest conservation, including afforestation using native species, controlled grazing methods, and the implementation of solutions based on natural factors to enhance landscape resilience. These findings serve as the basis for the development of a comprehensive policy aimed at preserving the ecological functions of forests in Eastern Kazakhstan and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.