METHODS OF MONITORING MORAINE LAKES IN CENTRAL ASIA UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern research methods for high-mountain glacial lakes in Central Asia under global warming conditions. Special attention is given to moraine lakes, which form due to glacier retreat and pose a significant hazard because of potential outburst events and associated debris flows. Key trends in glacial lake changes, their dynamic behavior, formation mechanisms, and current monitoring and risk assessment strategies are thoroughly examined. Particular focus is placed on the use of remote sensing data (Landsat, Sentinel, Terra), which, in combination with geographic information systems (GIS), enables real-time monitoring of lake conditions, spatial and temporal dynamics, and risk assessment. The article also discusses approaches to estimating lake water volume using spectral indices (MNDWI, NDVI) and digital elevation models (DEMs). The study summarizes research experience across major mountain systems, including the Himalayas, Pamirs, and Tien Shan. The advantages of satellite-based monitoring – such as efficiency and the ability to survey inaccessible regions – are highlighted alongside its limitations, including spatial resolution constraints, seasonal variability, and the need for ground-truth validation. The importance of integrating remote sensing with field-based observations for more accurate outburst risk assessment is emphasized. The article presents specific case studies, including an inventory of 143 glacial lakes in the Shilik River basin and an analysis of the 2015 Bezymyannoye Lake outburst, which caused significant damage. The results have important practical implications for the development of early warning systems and risk management in mountainous areas. Given rising temperatures and accelerated glacier melt, the need for enhanced and integrated monitoring of glacial lakes is becoming increasingly urgent.