Impact of vaccination behavior on COVID-19 dynamics and economic outcomes

COVID-19 is a highly transmissible respiratory disease that has significantly impacted global health and economies. In this study, we investigated the impact of immunity duration, vaccination behavior, transmission reduction measures, and healthcare timing and duration on COVID-19 dynamics and economic outcomes. Using a mathematical model that integrates epidemiological, human behavioral, and economic factors, we analyzed the effectiveness of interventions based on real-world data. Analytical results revealed up to six disease-free equilibria, with stability determined by reproduction number thresholds. Results from numerical simulations of the model indicated that prolonged immunity and high vaccination rates can reduce peak infections and deaths, whereas delayed hospitalizations and increased transmission can exacerbate outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis highlights vaccine efficacy and uptake as key determinants of disease control. These findings underscore the need for sustained vaccination, timely healthcare interventions, and strategic public health measures.