How site-specific spatial morphology influences healthy activities in urban green spaces: A case study of Lovers' Garden

Urban green spaces serve as key places for outdoor activities. Understanding how spatial morphology influences where and how people engage in activities is essential for landscape design and optimization. However, previous studies often neglected 3D characteristics, variability, and complexity of green spaces, limiting analytical depth and quantification. We proposed a fine-grained mapping and correlation analysis framework to explore the relationship between site-specific landscape spatial morphology and on-site healthy (physical and social) activities at a detailed scale. Using Nanjing Lovers' Garden in China as a case, activity patterns were reflected through spatial distribution and attributes of 3191 visitors in 30 spatial units. 3D models and human eye perception simulations were constructed based on point clouds for quantitative analysis and mapping-based visualization. Regression and threshold analysis through ArcGIS linkage reveal that the influence of spatial morphology on people's activities does not follow a single linear pattern, with complex fitting models and certain indicator ranges associated with comfort. Although based on a single representative case, this study proposes a transferable framework and demonstrates the value of applying fine-grained mapping to small-scale spaces by linking 2D and 3D spatial characteristics, contributing to predicting activity distribution and supporting spatial refinement, assessment, and renewal.