Diagnosis and management of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the larynx and represents a major challenge in head and neck oncology. It commonly affects individuals with a history of tobacco and alcohol use, and its clinical presentation may include hoarseness, dysphagia, and airway obstruction, depending on tumor location and stage. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. The diagnostic workup for LSCC involves a detailed clinical history, physical examination, and visualization of the larynx through flexible or rigid laryngoscopy. Imaging modalities such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET-CT) are essential for tumor staging, assessment of local invasion, and detection of regional or distant metastases. Definitive diagnosis is established through histopathological examination of a biopsy sample. Treatment strategies for LSCC are determined based on tumor stage, anatomical site, and the patient's general condition. Early-stage tumors (T1–T2) can be effectively treated with single-modality therapy, such as transoral laser microsurgery or radiation therapy, with excellent local control and preservation of voice. Advanced-stage tumors (T3–T4) often require multimodal approaches, including total or partial laryngectomy combined with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Recent advances in minimally invasive surgery, organ preservation protocols, and targeted therapies, including immunotherapy, offer promising outcomes while minimizing treatment-related morbidity. The management of LSCC requires a multidisciplinary approach, with emphasis on early detection, precise staging, and individualized treatment planning. Continued research and technological innovation are vital to improving survival rates and maintaining functional outcomes for patients with laryngeal cancer.