The impact of forest fires on ecosystem

Fires cause significant changes to forest structure, disrupt ecological connections, and affect recovery processes. This study aimed to assess the extent of damage to tree stands and compare the resistance of coniferous and deciduous species to fire. The impact of these phenomena on various tree species and the functioning of forest ecosystems in northeastern Ukraine, which experienced large-scale fires between 2022 and 2024, was analysed. The analysis included an examination of damage to the bark, trunk, root system, and tree crowns, as well as an assessment of natural succession processes. Coniferous species, such as Pinus sylvestris L., were found to be the most vulnerable: approximately 60% of trees were either completely destroyed or severely damaged, and 70% of root systems lost their ability to recover. The crowns were destroyed in 80% of cases, leading to a reduction in tree stand density. In contrast, deciduous species such as oak and maple demonstrated greater fire resistance, with only 20-30% of trees sustaining severe damage, most of which successfully regenerated through regrowth. Mosses and lichens, which play a crucial role in soil stabilisation, were among the most affected, with their populations declining by more than 40%. This disruption in natural succession processes negatively impacted forest regeneration. Fires also increased forest fragmentation, underscoring the importance of creating ecological corridors and enhancing connectivity between forested areas to facilitate natural recovery. It is recommended to develop adaptive forest management strategies that consider the increasing frequency of fires, driven by both natural factors (such as climate change) and anthropogenic influences. The spread of fires caused by military activities is particularly relevant to the northeastern region of Ukraine. Determining tactical and strategic approaches for managing such areas requires consideration not only of the specific dynamics and patterns governing forest ecosystems but also of security-related factors. Military actions act as an additional powerful force driving environmental transformation and pollution. Addressing these challenges should form an integral part of programme documents concerning the post-war restoration of Ukraine’s natural complexes