The use of 3D models in teaching insect morphology and identification: a case study

Abstract Insects are the most diverse group of living organisms on Earth, but their small size and structural complexity make species identification a challenging task, especially for those with less experience in entomology. Accurate identification is essential for pest management decisions in agriculture. Traditional 2D resources, such as field guides and taxonomic keys, may exhibit limitations when depicting complex insect structures, as exemplified by the intricate morphology of insect mouthparts. This study explores the use of 3D models to enhance the learning experience in insect identification and morphology education. We developed an online course that incorporated interactive digital 3D models alongside instructional videos and assessments. Participants (N = 102), primarily undergraduate students in natural sciences, completed pre- and posttests to assess knowledge gains. Additionally, they completed a survey designed to evaluate learning satisfaction, self-efficacy, limitations of the learning tools, and to collect open-ended written feedback. A paired samples t-test revealed a significant increase in posttest scores compared to pretest scores (t = −17.71, P < 0.001). Most participants rated learning satisfaction and self-efficacy above 9 on a 0 to 10-point Likert scale survey. Participants highlighted the effectiveness of 3D models in species differentiation and morphological understanding. Feedback suggested potential improvements, including expanded insect coverage and interactive comparison tools. This study demonstrates that 3D models can significantly enhance insect morphology education, providing an engaging and effective learning tool for students and pest management professionals.