The Formal Model for the hoverfly Eristalis tenax (Diptera, Syrphidae) agent-based model in the Animal Landscape and Man Simulation System (ALMaSS)

We present a formal model for Eristalis tenax , the common drone fly, one of the most widespread syrphid species globally. This model is intended for inclusion in the Animal Landscape and Man Simulation System as a basis for regulatory assessment of the effects of pesticides on hoverfly pollinators. We propose to implement the model using an individual-based approach. The main drivers of the model are temperature, larval habitat distribution and quality, and nectar and pollen food resources in space and time. A prototype model description is presented that describes the full model, ready for implementation. The model considers individuals at all life stages, from egg to adult, with development from egg to pupa driven by temperature and larval development also influenced by larval density linked with the larval habitat quality. The model uses thermal performance curve models to represent the development and survival of the pupal stage, which is the most critical moment in the life cycle. Movement is modelled in detail, integrating dispersal, oviposition and foraging. Sources of mortality include overwintering mortality, slow development, density-dependent mortality at the larval stage, background mortality and pesticide and farm management mortality. A simple toxicological model is described as a basis for future expansion.