A Comprehensive Survey on Internet of Things (IoT), Architecture, Protocols, and Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) is the phenomenon of digital environment that allows to transfer usual physical devices into computerized ones collecting, processing and sharing information via internet in small amount of human interaction. IoT, running on the next generation of embedded systems, wireless communications, and cloud computing, makes innovation possible in many fields, including healthcare, smart cities, agriculture, industrial automation, environmental surveillance. IoT systems, in which sensors, actuators, and data processing units are installed in real things, enable intelligent ecosystems to make the border between the real and the virtual worlds permeable. Generally designed in multi-lateral systems, with IoT being categorized in to perception, network and application layers, it guarantees the scalability and security of deploying systems. A multiplicity of protocols to support the varying degrees of interoperability and communication issues between heterogeneous devices have been invented to suit the various constraints on the power base, latency, bandwidth and mobility requirements. But with the evolvement of IoT, it has various challenges to contend with concerning standardization, security, data privacy, energy consumption and management of the devices. The paper gives an in-depth summary of the IoT ecosystem referring to its architecture, communication standards, and key areas of application, and is of great interest to the research, development, and practice researchers and developers who want to establish and develop efficient and productive IoT systems.