Extraction and characterization of natural fibers from Muntingia calabura twigs for sustainable applications

Natural fibers are increasingly being explored as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials in biocomposites, textiles, and biomedical applications. This study aims to extract and characterize natural fibers from Muntingia calabura twigs, evaluating their structural, mechanical, and biological properties for sustainable use. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a 32.9% crystallinity index, confirming a cellulose structure. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified key functional groups at 3332 cm^-1 (O-H stretching) and 2901 cm^-1 (C-H stretching), indicating the presence of cellulose and lignin. Tensile testing demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 16.40 MPa, an elastic modulus of 5.9 GPa, and an elongation at break of 3.7%, suggesting suitability for reinforcement applications. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a fibrillar morphology with surface roughness conducive to improved adhesion. Antibacterial testing against Haemophilus bacteria showed inhibition zones of 8 mm (25 µg) and 11 mm (75 µg), compared to 12 mm for Erythromycin (5 µg). Biofilm analysis demonstrated significant bacterial reduction, with fluorescence microscopy confirming increased bacterial death in fiber-treated samples. These findings highlight the potential of Muntingia calabura fibers for use in biocomposites, antimicrobial textiles, and biomedical applications. Their mechanical strength and antibacterial properties position them as a sustainable alternative for textile and automotive industries, with further modifications enhancing their functionality.