Maternal substance use and infant temperament in health professional shortage areas: socioeconomic and religious influences

Greater SHS may be related to less 6-month perceptual sensitivity though additional research is needed. Religious affiliation, income, and education were associated with substance use at various time points around pregnancy. This study informs protective influences on maternal substance use in HPSAs. Future studies should investigate perinatal substance use and infant temperament in socioculturally diverse samples, incorporating multi-method approaches.