Modeling and optimization of ink adhesion on untreated hybrid jute polypropylene fabrics using factorial design and exploratory analysis

Abstract This study methodically examined the adhesion capability of water-based ink formulations on untreated hybrid jute–polypropylene fabric. Four components of the ink composition—wax, silicone, solvent, and maleic—were tested for their individual and combined effects using a full factorial (2 4 ) experimental design. The conventional tape test method was used to measure each formulation’s adhesion value under constant environmental conditions. To identify significant components and interactions, the collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression modeling and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, the formulations were visualized and categorized into performance groups using exploratory data analysis techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering. This study demonstrates the use of a formulation-based approach to optimize ink solutions for untreated hybrid jute–polypropylene textiles. These fabrics, commonly used in sectors such as packaging, agriculture, and transportation, are cost-effective, lightweight, durable, and partially biodegradable, making them advantageous. The integration of experimental design, regression modeling, effect size analysis, exploratory data analysis, and decision-support tools enhances both the analytical rigor and practical relevance of the research.