Innovations in Drug Administration: NonInvasive Solutions for Diabetes Treatment Through the Development of Advanced Biosensors

Abstract This study explores innovations in drug administration monitoring, focusing on novel materials and technologies aimed at enhancing diabetes treatment. While injectable insulin remains the standard therapy, many patients are reluctant to use it, hindering treatment adherence. To address this, the research investigates alternative insulin delivery methods that are more acceptable to patients and support better compliance. Current noninvasive solutions such as transdermal patches, micropumps, and microneedle systems are reviewed. Key scientific literature and patents showcasing advances in noninvasive insulin delivery are analyzed. Building on these findings, the paper proposes a novel glucose biosensor composed of thermoplastic starch (TPS) integrated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme.