A Multidimensional Assessment of Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Economic Feasibility, Social Acceptance, and Future Trends of Gasification and Pyrolysis

The global increase in municipal solid waste, projected to reach 3.4 billion tons annually by 2050, poses a critical environmental and energy challenge for both developed and developing nations. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies represent a critical approach to addressing global waste management and energy sustainability challenges. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of four prominent WTE technologies: Incineration, Anaerobic Digestion, Gasification, and Pyrolysis, evaluating their energy efficiency, environmental impact, economic feasibility, and socio-economic viability. Comparative analysis reveals that Anaerobic Digestion achieves the highest environmental benefits with low carbon emissions (200 kg/ton) and moderate capital costs (USD 600/ton), while Gasification offers superior energy recovery rates (90%) and carbon reduction (35%). Pyrolysis demonstrates remarkable feedstock flexibility and low methane emissions (5 kg/ton), making it a versatile option for diverse waste streams. Incineration, despite being widely adopted, faces challenges related to high emissions (900 kg CO2/ton) and ash residue management. Economically, Anaerobic Digestion has the shortest payback period (7 years) and highest return on investment (35%), while Gasification and Pyrolysis require higher capital but offer long-term stability and moderate risk factors. Social acceptance varies, with Anaerobic Digestion achieving the highest public approval (80%) due to minimal health and environmental concerns. Regionally, policy support in Europe and North America significantly drives WTE adoption, while Africa faces gaps in regulatory enforcement and incentives. Future trends highlight increased investment in research, pilot projects, and innovation, particularly in biochar utilization and advanced catalyst technologies. This study highlights the importance of tailored regional policies, financial incentives, and public awareness campaigns to enhance WTE adoption and ensure sustainable socio-economic benefits globally. The findings advocate for an integrated approach to optimize WTE technologies for a cleaner and more energy-efficient future.