Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of the Caucasian Whortleberry ( <i>Vaccinium arctostaphylos</i> L.): An Overview of the New Findings

<i>Vaccinium arctostaphylos</i> L. (<i>V. arctostaphylos</i>) is an herb renowned in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic applications, including the treatment of skin ulcers, hyperlipidemia, liver diseases, and gastrointestinal issues. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the botanical, phytochemical, and therapeutic effects of <i>V. arctostaphylos</i> to provide researchers with insights into its potential use in treating various disorders. Employing systematic review methods with keywords such as "<i>Vaccinium arctostaphylos</i>," "Clinical trial," "Therapeutic properties," and "Animal studies," we analyzed 225 articles extracted from databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, SID, and Google without time constraints. Following rigorous title and abstract screening, 60 articles were selected for analysis. Volatile compound analysis revealed a rich array present in both the fruit and leaves, suggesting applications across diverse fields. Nutritional analysis underscored significant protein, sugar, fat, and fiber contents, alongside essential minerals and vitamins. Pharmacologically, <i>V. arctostaphylos</i> demonstrated a range of beneficial properties, including antihypertensive, anti-obesity, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects. Clinical trials supported its efficacy in reducing blood pressure, improving lipid profiles, and managing diabetes. Mechanistic insights highlighted its action through various pathways, including modulation of glucose metabolism, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, and enhancement of antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, <i>V. arctostaphylos</i> showed promise in addressing cardiovascular health, diabetes, male reproductive system issues, and neurological disorders. Its antimicrobial potential against various pathogens suggests utility in infection management. This comprehensive overview underscores the multifaceted therapeutic potential of <i>V. arctostaphylos</i>, affirming its importance in both medicinal and nutritional contexts.