Turkish Image in Urdu Literature

Muslim populations in the subcontinent were greatly affected by both War for Independence (1811–1912) and War against central Libya (1913–1813), and both events were regarded as major themes in Urdu literature. The Ottoman Caliphate and its allies engaged in a war, which caused Muslim hope for protection and peace within the Turks' own territory. This war has left a lasting impression on the works of journalism, poetry, and prose. In order to maintain the Turkish state during the Balkan War, Iqbal relied on Urdu literature as his primary source of information. His poems, including "Fatima Bint Abdullah, "Tarana Millat, ", "Tulu'e- Islam", "Muhasra –e- Adarnah" and" Khidr-e- Rah "have been a source of inspiration for teaching the Ottoman Caliphate. The Balkan War was reported on by the Muslim community in the subcontinent through Urdu dailies like "Al-Hilal" (Maulana Abul Kalam Azad) and "Comrade". Certain Urdu Short Stories in Islam evoke the narrative of the Balkan War, which highlighted Muslim sacrifice, the suffering of Turks, and brotherliness. "Fasane Azad" by Sarshar portrays the protagonist's preparation for martyrdom for the Ottoman Caliphate. Rashid Al-Khairi's works, "Shaheed Maghrib,," Tripoli se ik Saddo," and "Dulhan Dono Ki ", all deal with the war' aftermath. These works are short but good. The war involved Haji Rahim Bakhsh, who wrote a novel called "Jang Italiyyah Turkey" (War of Italy and Turkey). Abdul Rehman Peshawari and his associates wrote letters during the Balkan War, expressing their martyrdom for the defense of the Ottoman Caliphate. In addition to his autobiography, Zafar Aibak's memoir is a significant source of information. Hafizullah Qureshi authored the book "Jang Tripoli" that included witness accounts of the events, which were published in Arabic and English newspapers.pus-based study presents a comparative analysis of verb–noun collocations in Pakistani and European English academic writing. The primary objective is to identify and compare the use of verb–noun collocations in both varieties of academic English. Seven diverse verbs—make, do, take, have, get, solve, and play—were examined across both corpora. The methodology is qualitative in nature. A total of ten research articles were selected as the sample, with five articles from Pakistani academic writing and five from European (native English) academic writing, totaling 10,562 words. The AntConc software was used to analyze the corpora and extract verb–noun collocations. The analysis revealed that verb–noun collocations were more frequently and diversely used in European academic writing compared to Pakistani writing. Specifically, native English writers used approximately 185 and 48 instances of verb–noun collocations with the selected verbs, while Pakistani writers used only 35 and 17 instances, respectively. The findings suggest that Pakistani academic writers are relatively less familiar with natural collocational patterns and tend to rely on simpler syntactic constructions. This points to a limited awareness or use of collocational competence in academic discourse among Pakistani scholars.