The dilemma of coal in Malawi amidst global energy transition: A critical analysis of policy and practice

Abstract Malawi faces electricity supply deficits and challenges stemming from low installed capacity, with less than 15% of its population having access to electricity. Despite global trends favouring renewable energy, coal remains a potential resource to enhance Malawi’s electricity portfolio, with a generation potential of up to 1,670 MW, a significant increase compared with the country’s current installed capacity of 441.95 MW. This article explores Malawi’s complex balance between harnessing coal for energy security and international climate commitments, notably the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through qualitative analysis, supported by a survey of 40 participants, desktop research, and comparative analysis, the article reveals a complex array of viewpoints on integrating coal into Malawi’s electricity mix, with 79% of the survey participants citing the alignment of the policy statements but expressing concern over lack of practical implementation and unclear coal power strategies. The findings highlight the need for Malawi to balance its immediate energy security and economic development goals with long-term environmental sustainability. This article proposes a strategic approach to developing a comprehensive coal supply industry while exploring the feasibility of clean coal technologies, emphasising a strong political will as key to addressing the coal dilemma. The findings contribute to the prevailing mixed perspectives on energy transitions in developing countries, providing insights into Malawi’s energy dilemma within the regional and global context, and aligning with SDGs 7, 9, 12 and 13.