Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using Natural Resources: Methods, Applications, Limitations

Abstract: Green nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is an innovative methodology in nanotechnology that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical processes. Utilising biological organisms, such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae, reduces environmental impact and energy consumption. Combining naturally occurring materials and eco-friendly techniques produces highquality nanoparticles with customisable properties suitable for various applications. Green chemistry principles are essential for sustainable nanoparticle production, emphasising responsible practices prioritising human health and environmental protection. Biological nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts and microbial biomass has proven effective in producing metal oxide nanoparticles, which have diverse applications in medicine, water treatment, environmental remediation, and targeted drug delivery. Despite challenges related to scalability, industrial efficiency, and regulatory concerns, establishing green chemistry principles as a global standard is crucial for the long-term development of nanotechnology. This review explores the latest advancements in green synthesis methods for different nanoparticle types, focusing on their applications in medical and environmental fields. It also discusses the factors influencing the production of eco-friendly nanomaterials and the barriers to their large-scale adoption. By addressing technological challenges and developing sustainable production strategies, researchers can fully realise the potential of green nanotechnology. Green synthesis is key in driving innovation, reducing environmental impacts, and supporting sustainable growth across various industries, ensuring long-term benefits for industry and global well-being.