Basal Melt Rate Variability and Tidal Current Vertical Structure From Observations Beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Abstract This study examines the interplay between water column structure, tidal currents, and basal melting at a site beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, using a 3‐year data set of oceanographic measurements, and a collocated year‐long time series of radar‐derived melt rate estimates. Currents at the site are characterized by mixed semidiurnal tides with strong spring‐neap variability, superimposed on a nontidal flow. The product of current speed and thermal driving, both measured approximately 19 m from the ice base, explains 88% of the melt rate variability. Although current speed is the dominant driver of this variability, thermal driving also contributes non‐negligibly on spring‐neap and longer timescales. The semidiurnal tidal ellipses feature marked vertical variations, transitioning from nearly rectilinear in the mid‐water column to more circular and clockwise (CW)‐rotating near the ice. This depth‐dependence of the semidiurnal tide is attributed to the differential influence of boundary friction on the CW and anticlockwise (ACW) rotary components near the critical latitude (where the tidal frequency equals the Coriolis frequency). A theoretical model, which assumes depth‐independent eddy viscosity, successfully reproduces the observed 3‐year mean vertical structure of the tidal ellipses. Considering the total tidal current rather than individual constituents, ice base friction damps both the time‐mean flow speed and the tidal fluctuations, with attenuation varying over the spring‐neap cycle, peaking during spring tides. The observed latitude‐ and time‐dependent effects of ice base friction on the barotropic tide are not captured in parameterizations that estimate tide‐induced friction velocity by scaling the time‐averaged barotropic tidal speed with a constant drag coefficient.