Harnessing mangrove ecosystems for CO2 sequestration: Insights from remote sensing and GIS technologies

Mangrove ecosystems are among the most efficient natural carbon sinks, which are critical in mitigating climate change through their exceptional CO2 sequestration capabilities in both biomass and sediments. However, these ecosystems face mounting pressures from urbanization, deforestation and climate-induced changes, which threaten their carbon storage potential and contribute to significant emissions. This review explores the pivotal role of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies in assessing and enhancing the management of mangrove CO2 sequestration. Advancements such as high-resolution satellite imagery, LiDAR, Machine learning models and vegetation indices have revolutionized the accuracy of mangrove carbon stock mapping and monitoring. Additionally, the review highlights the challenges and limitations associated with existing methodologies, including data gaps and modelling uncertainties and outlines future research directions. By integrating innovative technologies with ground-based measurements and community-based conservation strategies, this review underscores the urgent need to preserve and restore mangroves to maximize their carbon sequestration potential and support global climate resilience.