Taming the Triangle: On the Interplays Between Fairness, Interpretability, and Privacy in Machine Learning

ABSTRACT Machine learning techniques are increasingly used for high‐stakes decision‐making, such as college admissions, loan attribution, or recidivism prediction. Thus, it is crucial to ensure that the models learnt can be audited or understood by human users, do not create or reproduce discrimination or bias and do not leak sensitive information regarding their training data. Indeed, interpretability, fairness, and privacy are key requirements for the development of responsible machine learning, and all three have been studied extensively during the last decade. However, they were mainly considered in isolation, while in practice they interplay with each other, either positively or negatively. In this survey paper, we review the literature on the interactions between these three desiderata. More precisely, for each pairwise interaction, we summarize the identified synergies and tensions. These findings highlight several fundamental theoretical and empirical conflicts, while also demonstrating that jointly considering these different requirements is challenging when one aims at preserving a high level of utility. To solve this issue, we also discuss possible conciliation mechanisms, showing that a careful design can enable to successfully handle these different concerns in practice.