Exploring the timeless philosophy of life and death: A review of Unani wisdom in the age of modern science

This paper explores the philosophy of life (Hayat) and death (Maut) through the lens of Unani medicine, integrating classical metaphysical concepts with physiological principles. It traces the human quest for immortality from ancient myths—such as the Epic of Gilgamesh—to contemporary figures like Michael Jackson and Bryan Johnson, revealing a persistent desire to prolong life. The Unani system defines life as a state sustained by Hararat Ghariziyya (innate heat) and Rutubat Ghariziyya (innate moisture), whose equilibrium is vital for maintaining health and preventing decay. Life begins with the union of male and female reproductive substances and progresses through stages characterized by gradual desiccation and consumption of vital heat, ultimately culminating in natural death (Maut Tabi'i). The paper discusses the classification of life and death by notable physicians like Hippocrates and Avicenna, who emphasize the importance of preserving innate heat and moisture through proper management of diet, environment, and lifestyle—outlined in the six essential factors (Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriyyah). Both internal and external causes of death are critically analyzed, including the corruption of organs, excess or deficiency of bodily qualities, and environmental factors. The work concludes by juxtaposing traditional Unani views with modern biological theories of aging, such as oxidative stress and telomere shortening, affirming that while life can be prolonged, death remains an inevitable biological reality.